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Adverbs

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb or another modifier.

Modifying a verb

In Pandunia, adverbs end in -o and their place is before the verb or at the end of the sentence.

me bon-o    son-a.
I  good-ADV sleep-V
'I sleep well.'

me son-a   bon-o.
I  sleep-V good-ADV
'I sleep well.'

tu  bash-a  pandunia bon-o.
you speak-V Pandunia good-ADV
'You speak Pandunia well.'

Modifying another modifier

A modifier can modify also another modifier. For example day (big) and lil (little) can be used as intensifying adverbs.

dayi hom – a big person
lili jan – a little person
sundari jan – a beautiful person

dayo sundari jan – very beautiful person
lilo sundari jan – somewhat beautiful person

Comparison

Modifiers can be compared with the adverbs of comparison.

  • max ('more') indicates comparison of superiority
  • maxim ('most') indicates the superlative of superiority
  • min ('less') indicates comparison of inferiority
  • minim ('least') indicates the superlative of inferiority
  • paro ('as' or 'equally') indicates the comparison of equality

The particle ka relates the adverbs of comparison to the object of comparison.

aple sa max boni ka aranje. – Apples are better than oranges.
aranje sa min boni ka aple. – Oranges are less good than apples.
tu loga par bono ka me. – You speak as well as me.

It is also possible to compare modifiers with the following verbs, which are directly attached to the object of comparison.

  • maxa ('to exceed')
  • mina ('to subceed')
  • para ('to equal')

aple maxa aranje sa boni. – Apples exceed oranges in being good. meaning: Apples are better than oranges.
aranje mina aple sa boni. – Oranges subceed apples in being good. meaning: Oranges are less good than apples.
tu para me loga bono. – You equal me in speaking well. meaning: You speak as well as me.

Adverbs of time and space

Adverbs are used for expressing time and place of events and actions. Here are some of the most frequently used adverbs:

cheno – before, earlier
medo – between
bado – after, later
viso – instead
duro – in the meanwhile
diko – toward
sabo – because
kontro – against
maxo – additionally

A complement can be added with the preposition da.

me viza homen cheno. – I have seen them before.
me viza homen cheno da unyom. – I have seen them before Monday.

me vola shopa tougar maxo da motogar. – I want to buy a trailer in addition to the car.